Rand manipulation = mutagenesis of apartheid

The recent breaking news that South African banks are manipulating the Rand is not news

In Apartheid Studies: A Manifesto, on p.503 and p.504, I listed the local and international banks that were caught stealing from the poor. The case is CR212Feb17.

I argued that the so-called “rand manipulation” is a critical element of apartheid design, felt in the household as household expenditure, but also serving to arbitrage Rates of Oppression (ROps).